Main description:

And even I can remember A day when historians left blanks in their writings, I mean for things they didn't know. -Ezra Pound, Canto XIII * The prefaces to the previous volumes of this series have all expressed in various ways the actual motivation behind these collective efforts. There was agreement in most instances that we are facing some kind of publication explosion, and that the present type of compact and personalized reviews may be of help, from both a conceptual and a purely informational standpoint. The aims of the series were, and still are, to focus attention on the rapidly changing fields within the realm of immunology, and to present in each chapter the summation of results generated by an investigator or group of Investigators, either as an analysis of their own work or as a correlation of such work with the general field in question. The present volume does not differ in its construction from its predecessors, although it does concentrate on a single target, the T lymphocyte and its biology. The selection of subjects as well as contributors has been the sole responsi bility of this editor; however, the actual format and length of the individual contributions was left to the discretion and inspiration of the different authors. Even the styles, ranging from the concise statement to the meticulously detailed review, attest to the freedom of format.

Contents:

1 Two Main Features of T-Cell Development: Thymus Traffic and Postthymic Maturation.- I. Introduction.- II. Postthymic Precursor Cells.- A. Effects of Late Treatment on Thymectomized Mice.- B. Restoration of Nude Mice.- C. Characterization of a Postthymic Precursor Cell.- D. T-Cell Subsets.- E. In Vitro Induction.- F. A Matter of Terminology.- III. Traffic.- A. A Brief Description of Methods.- B. Migration of Hemopoietic Precursors to Thymus.- C. Need of Yolk Sac Cells for an Additional "Step" before Thymus Migration.- D. Time of Intrathymic Residence.- E. Emigration from the Thymus.- F. Unidirectional Emigration of Postthymic Cells.- G. Short- and Long-lived Emigrant Lymphocytes.- H. Steroid Resistance and Sensitivity.- I. Generation of Competent T Cells Through Thymus Traffic.- IV. Epilogue.- V. References.- 2 Regulation of the Immune Response by T-Cell Subclasses.- I. Introduction.- II. Properties of Three Major T-Cell Subclasses.- A. TH (Ly1) Subclass.- B. TC/S (Ly23) Cells.- C. Development of and Functional Relationship between TH (Ly1) and TC/S (Ly23) Cells.- D. TE (Ly123) Cells.- E. Role of T-Cell Subclasses in the Response to "Modified-Self".- F. Regulatory Effects of H-2 Activated T-Cell Subclasses on Antibody Responses.- G. Some Implications of These Data.- III. Possible Mechanisms of TC/S Suppression.- IV. Definition of Other (Non-T) Lymphocyte Subclasses Expressing Distinctive Cell-Surface Components.- A. Identification of Natural Killer Cells.- B. Serologic Definition of a Component on a Subclass of B Cells That Is Directly Involved in Antigen-Dependent B-Cell Triggering.- V. References.- 3 Antigen Receptors of T Helper Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. Functional Specificity and Heterogeneity of Helper-T-Cell Receptors.- A. The Experimental System.- B. Cross-Reactions at the Helper-Cell Level and at the Level of Humoral Antibody.- C. Heterogeneity of Helper-Cell Receptors and Humoral Antibody.- III. Idiotypic Properties of Helper and Suppressor T-Cell Receptors.- A. The Experimental System.- B. Stimulation of Helper T Cells by Antiidiotypic Antibody.- C. Stimulation of Suppressor T Cells by Antiidiotypic Antibody.- IV. Ir Gene Control of Specific Helper Function.- V. Properties of Isolated Antigen-Binding Receptors of Putative T-Cell Origin.- A. Specific Isolation of Antigen Receptors from T and B Lymphocytes.- B. Properties of Isolated Receptor Molecules.- VI. Discussion.- A. General Considerations: One Class or Several Classes of T-Cell Receptors?.- B. Variable Portion of T-Cell Receptors.- C. Constant Part of T-Cell Receptor.- D. Possible Structure of the T-Cell-Receptor Molecule.- VII. References.- 4 Antigen-Binding, Idiotypic T-Lymphocyte Receptors.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods and Materials Used in the Induction and Analysis of Antiidiotypic Antibodies.- III. Induction and Characteristics of Antiidiotypic Antibodies Raised Against T- or B-Cell Receptors for Antigen.- A. Induction of Antiidiotypic Antibodies.- B. Demonstration of the Antiidiotypic Nature of the Present Antisera.- C. Relationships Between Idiotypic Determinants Present on B- or T-Cell Receptors with Specificity for the Same Antigen.- IV. Inhibition of T-Cell Functions by Antiidiotypic Antibodies.- A. Inhibition of T-Cell Function in Vivo (Graft-vs.-Host Reaction).- B. Inhibition of T-Cell Function in Vitro (Mixed Leukocyte Culture).- V. Direct Visualization of Idiotype-Positive T Lymphocytes Using Fluorescent Antibody Techniques, Autoradiography, or Electronmicroscopy Measurements.- VI. Specific Accumulation and Purification of Idiotype-Positive T Lymphocytes.- A. Specific Accumulation of Idiotype-Positive Lymphocytes in Lymph Nodes Draining a Corresponding Skin Graft.- B. Trapping of Idiotype-Positive T Lymphocytes in Popliteal Lymph Nodes Draining an Allograft.- C. Cytolytic Activity and Idiotypic Expression on Allograft-Infiltrating Cells.- D. Purification of Alloantigen-Reactive T Lymphocytes by the Use of Antiidiotypic Antibodies.- VII. Demonstration and Characteristics of Naturally Occurring, Idiotypic, Antigen-Binding Molecules Derived from T and B Lymphocytes and Present in Normal Serum.- VIII. Specific Transplantation Tolerance Resulting from Autoimmunity Against Naturally Occurring Idiotype-Positive Receptor Molecules..- A. Evidence for Induction of Autoantiidiotypic Antibodies.- B. Evidence That Autoantiidiotype Antibody Production Results in the Specific Elimination of Functional T Lymphocytes (Equivalent to a State of Specific Immune Tolerance).- IX. General Discussion.- X. References.- 5 Major Transplantation Antigens, Viruses, and Specificity of Surveillance T Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells in Vitro.- A. Experimental Model and Cellular Parameters.- B. Apparent Requirement for H-2 Compatibility for Virus-Specific Cytolytic Interactions in Vitro.- C. Association of Specificity with Structures Coded in K or D of H-2.- D. Roles of the H-2I Region and Non-H-2 Genes in Regulating Cytotoxic Immune Responses to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus.- E. Specificity of Cytotoxic T Cells from H-2K Mutant Mice.- III. Restriction of Virus-Specific Effector-T-Cell Functions in Vivo by H-2K or H-2D.- A. Adoptive Induction of Acute Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis.- B. Antiviral Protection by LCMV-Immune T Cells.- C. Adoptive Transfer of LCMV-Specific DTH.- IV. Analysis of the H-2 Compatibility Requirement for Cytolytic T-Cell Interactions.- A. Antibody Blocking Experiments.- B. Cold Target Competitive Inhibition Experiments in Vitro.- C. Selective Proliferation Experiments in Vivo.- D. H-2 Mutant Mice.- E. Virus-Specific Cytotoxicity Across the H-2 Barrier.- F. The Nature of Altered-Self and Experimental Evidence from Other H-2-Restricted Cytotoxic T-Cell Models.- V. Major Transplantation Antigens and Immunosurveillance.- A. Enhanced Generation of Cell-Mediated Immunity in H-2 Heterozygotes.- B. A Possible Explanation for Polymorphism of Major Antigens.- VI. Conclusions.- VII. References.- 6 Significance of the Major Histocompatibility Complex As Assessed by T-Cell-Mediated Lympholysis Involving Syngeneic Stimulating Cells.- I. The Murine Major Histocompatibility Complex.- II. Requirement of Serologically Detectable Region Homology for Cytotoxicity in Chemically Modified Autologous Systems.- A. Generation of Cytotoxic Effector Cells to Chemically Modified Autologous Cells.- B. Intra-H-2 Mapping of the Homology Required.- C. Analysis of the Mechanisms of the H-2 Homology Requirement.- III. Role of H-2-Linked Immune Response Genes.- IV. Conclusions and Speculation.- V. References.- 7 T-Cell-Mediated Cytolysis: An Overview of Some Current Issues.- I. Introduction.- II. Stages in the Lytic Cycle.- A. Cell-Cell Interactions.- B. Events Following Cell-Cell Interaction.- C. The Lytic Event: Destruction of the Target-Cell Membrane.- III. Overview and Some Possible Future Directions.- IV. References.- 8 Mechanism of T-Cell-Mediated Cytolysis: The Lethal Hit Stage.- I. Introduction.- II. The Three Stages of T-Cell-Mediated Cytolysis.- A. Two-Stage Subdivision into Recognition and Lytic Stages.- B. Two-Stage Subdivision into Effector-Cell-Dependent and -Independent Stages.- C. Three-Stage Subdivison into Recognition, Lethal Hit, and Target-Cell-Disintegration Stages.- III. Recognition.- IV. Lethal Hit.- A. Introduction.- B. Polarity.- C. Metabolic Complexity: A Study Using an Analytical Ca2+ Pulse Method.- D. Discussion.- V. Target-Cell Disintegration.- VI. Summary and Conclusions.- VII. References.- 9 Mechanism of Specific Tumor-Cell Lysis by Alloimmune T Lymphocytes: Resolution and Characterization of Discrete Steps in the Cellular Interaction.- I. Introduction.- A. Overview.- B. Nature of Cytolytic Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes (CTLs).- C. Nature of Target Cells.- D. Mechanism of Killing by CTLs.- E. Importance of CTLs in Vivo.- II. Technical Considerations in the Assay of T-Lymphocyte-Mediate d Specific Lysis (TSL).- A. Assay Container.- B. Nature and Limitations of Radiochromium Release.- III. Resolution of TSL into Steps.- A. Other Methods of Resolution.- B. Resolution by Detachment and Dispersion.- IV. Characteristics of Adhesion.- A. Rapidity.- B. Temperature-Dependence.- C. Role of Divalent Cations in Adhesion.- V. Characteristics of Programming for Lysis.- A. Rapidity.- B. Temperature-Dependence.- C. Concomitant Electrolyte Permeability Increase.- D. Loss of Cloning Ability vs. Programming for Lysis.- E. Role of Divalent Cations in Programming for Lysis.- VI. Characteristics of Killer-Cell-Independent Lysis (KCIL).- A. Timing and Temperature-Dependence.- B. Irreversibility.- C. Role of Colloid Osmotic Lysis in KCIL.- VII. Sites of Action of Drugs Inhibiting TSL.- A. Previous Information.- B. A General Method for Investigating Sites of Drug Action.- C. Recent Results with Selected Drugs.- VIII. Concluding Remarks.- A. Stages in TSL.- B. Mechanism of Damage.- IX. References.- 10 Functional Analysis of Distinct Human T-Cell Subsets Bearing Unique Differentiation Antigens.- I. Introduction.- II. Surface Properties of Human Lymphocyte Subsets.- III. Methods for the Isolation of Human T Cells and Their Subsets.- IV. Functional Properties of Isolated Human Lymphocyte Subsets.- A. Proliferative Responses to Soluble and Cellular Antigens: Role of TH1+ and TH1- Subsets.- B. Mediator Production by T-Cell Subsets.- C. Cell-Mediated Lympholysis.- V. Conclusions.- VI. References.