Main description:

For medical scientists, biologists and geographers interest- ed in geomedical problems the helminthiases can be a fas- cinating object of research. Their distribution is due to the in part very complicated parasite life cycles which fre- quently depend on the presence of intermediate hosts. The search for the causes of the distribution of helminthiases requires to take into account not only such geofactors as affect the parasite developmental stages outside man but go beyond this and include the entire web of factors which contribute to the conditions for the distribution of their in- termediate hosts. Last, but by no means least, it is, however, man who through his customs and habits, his settlements and dwellings, his population density and, above all, his interference in the environment, determines the distri- bution of helminthiases. The frequency, persistence and areal expansions are a consequence of the interplay and in- teraction of all the geofactors. The aim of every geomedi- cal analysis must be to prove the causes of their distri- bution through a chain of causation which has no gaps.
A classic example of such a chain had already been set out in the 1920s when Ernst Rodenwaldt investigated the occur- rence of brugiasis in the Serajoe Delta on Java, and it is Rodenwaldt's analysis which has served as a model for this work. The idea of producing the monograph presented here arose from the Geomedical Monograph Series edited by Helmut 1. Jusatz.

Contents:

1 Introduction.- 1.1 The Climatic Regions of the Philippines.- 1.2 The Administrative Units, Regions and Provinces of the Philippines.- 1.2.1 The Ilocos Region.- 1.2.2 Cagayan Valley Region.- 1.2.3 The Central Luzon Region.- 1.2.4 National Capital Region (Metro Manila).- 1.2.5 Southern Tagalog Region.- 1.2.6 The Bicol Region.- 1.2.7 Western Visayas Region.- 1.2.8 Central Visayas Region.- 1.2.9 Eastern Visayas Region.- 1.2.10 Western Mindanao Region.- 1.2.11 Northern Mindanao Region.- 1.2.12 Southern Mindanao Region.- 1.2.13 Central Mindanao Region.- 2 Insect-Borne Helminthiases: Filariases.- 2.1 Short Historical Review.- 2.2 Wuchereriasis.- 2.2.1 The Significance of Abiotic and Biotic Factors for the Ontogenesis of Wuchereria bancrofti.- 2.2.1.1 Temperature, Atmospheric Humidity and Development of Larvae.- 2.2.1.2 Microfilarial Periodicity of Wuchereria bancrofti.- 2.2.2 The Vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti and Their Bionomics.- 2.2.2.1 Aedes poicilius.- 2.2.2.2 Anopheles flavirostris.- 2.2.3 Abaca Cultivation and Its Importance in the Distribution of Wuchereriasis.- 2.2.3.1 Musa textilis and Its Locational Conditions.- 2.2.3.2 The Increase in Abaca Cultivation and Its Present Importance.- 2.2.3.3 The Davao Case.- 2.2.3.4 Wuchereriasis Prevalence and the Area Under Abaca Cultivation.- 2.2.4 Frequency and Transmission Index.- 2.2.5 The Endemic Areas.- 2.2.5.1 The Calaccad Valley.- 2.2.5.2 The Bicol Region.- 2.2.5.3 Mindoro.- 2.2.5.4 Palawan.- 2.2.5.5 The Islands of the Sibuyan Sea.- 2.2.5.6 The Visayan Islands.- 2.2.5.7 Mindanao.- 2.2.5.8 The Sulu Archipelago.- 2.2.5.9 Summary Treatment of the Endemic Areas of Wuchereria bancrofti in Its Correlation with Population Density, Case Density and Abaca Cultivation.- 2.2.6 Geomedicai Consideration of the Package of Ecological Conditions in the Nexus of Effects of Wuchereria bancrofti Distribution in the Philippines.- 2.3 Brugiasis.- 2.3.1 The Endemic Areas.- 2.3.1.1 Quezon (Palawan).- 2.3.1.2 Puerto Princesa - Roxas (Palawan).- 2.3.1.3 Sulu Archipelago.- 2.3.1.4 Mindanao.- 2.3.1.5 Samar.- 2.3.2 The Vectors and Their Bionomics.- 2.3.3 The Periodicity of Microfilariae.- 2.3.4 The Transmission Index.- 2.4 Control of Filariases.- 3 Water-Borne Helminthiases: Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis).- 3.1 Historical Survey.- 3.2 Schistosoma japonicum and Its Biology.- 3.2.1 Pre-patent Period, Egg Production and Transmission Index.- 3.2.2 Passing of Eggs and Hatching of Miracidia.- 3.2.3 Larval Development in the Intermediate Host and Shedding of Cercariae.- 3.2.4 Prevalence in the Intermediate Host.- 3.2.5 Duration of Cercaria Survival.- 3.2.6 Man's Contact with Water.- 3.3 The Intermediate Host and Its Bionomics.- 3.3.1 Development, Maturity and Life-span.- 3.3.2 Geofactors as a Pre-condition for the Distribution of Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi.- 3.3.2.1 Flow Velocity of the Waters, Depth of Water, and Changes in Water Levels.- 3.3.2.2 Nature of Water and Soil.- 3.3.2.3 Temperature, Light Intensity, Atmospheric Humidity and Atmospheric Pressure.- 3.3.2.4 The Inter-action of the Geofactors in O.h. quadras' s Ecosystem.- 3.4 Frequency of Schistosoma japonicum Infections.- 3.4.1 Frequency in Man.- 3.4.2 The Significance of Mammals for the Persistence of Schistosomiasis.- 3.5 The Endemic Areas.- 3.5.1 Sorsogon Province.- 3.5.2 Oriental Mindoro.- 3.5.3 The Visayan Islands.- 3.5.3.1 Samar.- 3.5.3.2 Leyte.- 3.5.3.3 Bohol.- 3.5.4 Mindanao.- 3.5.4.1 The Davao-Agusan Trough.- 3.5.4.2 The East Coast.- 3.5.4.3 The Cotabato Basin.- 3.5.4.4 The Bukidnon Highland.- 3.5.4.5 Lake Lanao.- 3.5.4.6 The Panguil Bay Area.- 3.5.4.7 The Dipolog Focus.- 3.5.5 Summary Consideration of the Endemic Areas of Schistosoma japonicum in Regard to Its Inter-relationships With Population Density, Case Density, Internal Migration and the Problem of Introduction.- 3.6 Synopsis: Geofactors as Preconditions for Schistosomiasis Distribution in the Philippines.- 3.7 The Control of Schistosomiasis.- 4 Food-Borne Helminthiases.- 4.1 Intestinal Capillariasis.- 4.1.1 Short Historical Review.- 4.1.2 The Biology of Capillaria philippinensis.- 4.1.3 Geofactors and Capillariasis.- 4.1.4 Frequency of Capillariasis.- 4.1.5 The Endemic Areas.- 4.2 Angiostrongyliasis.- 4.2.1 Short Historical Survey.- 4.2.2 The Final Hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis.- 4.2.3 The Intermediate Hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis.- 4.2.4 Paratenic Hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis.- 4.2.5 The Importance of Geofactors for the Persistence of Angiostrongyliasis.- 4.2.6 The Distribution of Angiostrongyliasis and of Eosinophilic Meningo-Encephalitis.- 4.3 Gnathostomiasis.- 4.3.1 Short Historical Survey.- 4.3.2 The Final Hosts of Gnathostoma spinigerum.- 4.3.3 The Intermediate and Paratenic Hosts of Gnathostoma spinigerum.- 4.3.4 The Significance of Geofactors for the Persistence of Gnathostomiasis.- 4.3.5 The Distribution of Gnathostomiasis.- 4.4 Diphyllobothriiasis and Sparganosis.- 4.4.1 The Life Cycle of Spirometra mansoni.- 4.4.2 Final and Intermediate Hosts of Spirometra mansoni.- 4.4.3 The Distribution of Infections with Spirometra and of Sparganosis.- 4.5 Taeniases and Cysticercosis.- 4.5.1 Short Historical Survey.- 4.5.2 The Significance of Geofactors for the Occurrence of Taeniases and Cysticercosis.- 4.5.3 The Frequency of Human Taeniases and Cysticercosis of the Intermediate Hosts.- 4.5.4 The Distribution of Taeniases.- 4.6 Echinostomiasis.- 4.6.1 The Life Cycle of E.ilocanum.- 4.6.2 Frequency and Distribution of E. ilocanum.- 4.7 Paragonimiasis.- 4.7.1 Short Historical Survey.- 4.7.2 Paragonimus Species in the Philippines.- 4.7.3 Geofactors and the Development of Paragonimus.- 4.7.4 The Biotopes of the Intermediate Hosts.- 4.7.5 The Infection of Intermediate Hosts with Paragonimus larvae.- 4.7.6 Distribution and Frequency of Paragonimus Infection in Final Hosts.- 4.8 Other Food-Borne Helminthiases.- 4.8.1 Clonorchiasis and Opisthorchiasis.- 4.8.2 Heterophyidiasis.- 4.8.3 Fasciolopsiasis.- 4.8.4 Fascioliasis.- 4.8.5 Amphistomiasis.- 4.8.6 Plagiorchiasis.- 4.8.7 Anisakiasis.- 4.8.8 Trichinosis.- 4.8.9 Rare Human Helminthiases as a Consequence of the Accidental Swallowing of Arthropods.- 4.8.9.1 Dicrocoeliasis.- 4.8.9.2 Bertielliasis.- 4.8.9.3 Raillietiniasis.- 4.8.9.4 Dipylidiasis.- 4.8.9.5 Hymenolepiasis diminuta.- 4.8.9.6 Infections Involving Cheilospirura sp..- 4.9 Short Synopsis: The Distribution of Food-Borne Helminthiases.- 5 Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases.- 5.1 Short Historical Survey.- 5.2 Ascariasis.- 5.2.1 Ascaris Development and Geofactors.- 5.2.2 Transmission and Sources of Infection.- 5.2.3 Frequency, Transmission Index, Geographical Distribution and Re-Infection Rate.- 5.3 Trichuriasis.- 5.3.1 Trichuris Development and Geofactors.- 5.3.2 Transmission and Sources of Infection.- 5.3.3 Frequency, Transmission Index, Geographical Distribution and Re-Infection Rate.- 5.4 Ancylostomiasis.- 5.4.1 Hookworm Species in the Philippines.- 5.4.2 Hookworm Development and Geofactors.- 5.4.3 Transmission and Sources of Infection.- 5.4.4 Frequency, Transmission Index, Geographical Distribution and Re-Infection Rate.- 5.5 Strongyloidiasis.- 5.5.1 Strongyloides Development and Geofactors.- 5.5.2 Frequency and Geographical Distribution.- 5.6 Enterobiasis.- 5.6.1 Enterobius Development and Geofactors.- 5.6.2 Transmission and Sources of Infection.- 5.6.3 Frequency, Transmission Index and Re-Infection Rate.- 5.7 Other Rare Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases.- 5.7.1 Hymenolepiasis nana.- 5.7.2 Echinococcosis (Hydatidosis).- 5.7.3 Larva migrans visceralis (Toxocariasis).- 5.7.4 Larva migrans cutanea Caused by Ancylostoma braziliense.- 5.7.5 Syngamiasis.- 5.7.6 Syphacia obvelata Infection.- 5.8 Short Synopsis: Distribution of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases.- 6 Conclusions - a Geomedical View.- Acknowledgements.- Appendices A-F.- Tables 1-40.- References.