Main description:

The purpose of this series of volumes is to present a comprehensive view of the complications that result from the use of acceptable diagnostic and therapeutic proce dures. Individual volumes will deal with iatrogenic complications involving (I) the alimentary system, (2) the urinary system, (3) the respiratory and cardiac systems, (4) the skeletal system and (5) the pediatric patient. The term iatrogenic, derived from two Greek words, means physician-induced. Originally, it applied only to psychiatric disorders generated in the patient by autosug gestion, based on misinterpretation of the doctor's attitude and comments. As clinically used, it now pertains to the inadvertent side-effects and complications created in the course of diagnosis and treatment. The classic categories of disease have included: (1) congenital and developmental, (2) traumatic, (3) infectious and inflammatory, (4) metabolic, (5) neoplastic, and (6) degenerative. To these must be added, however, iatrogenic disorders-a major, although generally unacknowledged, source of illness. While great advances in medical care in both diagnosis and therapy have been accom few decades, many are at times associated with certain side-effects plished in the past and risks which may result in distress equal to or greater than the basic condition. Iatrogenic complications, which may be referred to as "diseases of medical progress," have become a new dimension in the causation of human disease.

Contents:

1. Iatrogenic Thoracic Complications Induced by Drugs.- Pathogenesis.- Clinical Pathologic Patterns.- Hypersensitivity of the Airways (Asthma).- Injury of the Lung Parenchyma.- Acute Pulmonary Edema.- Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia (PIE).- Granulomatous Reactions.- Pulmonary Vascular Injury.- Lupus-like Syndrome.- Lung Injury Secondary to Drug-induced Disease in Other Organs.- Intrathoracic Extrapulmonary Abnormalities.- Radiologic Patterns.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2. Nosocomial and Iatrogenic Infections of the Thorax.- Incidence and Significance.- Source.- Routes and Radiology.- Aspiration.- Contaminated Fluid.- Direct Introduction.- Complications of Specific Procedures.- Relative Risks.- Assisted Ventilation.- Endotracheal Intubation and Tracheostomy.- Bronchoscopy and Biopsy.- Percutaneous Biopsies.- Vascular Catheterization.- References.- 3. Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host.- Risk Factors.- Etiology.- Infections.- Noninfectious.- Differential Diagnosis based upon Radiographic Patterns.- References.- 4. Traumatic Complications of Endotracheal Intubation and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.- Endotracheal Intubation.- Early Complications That Occur During Intubation.- Early Complications That Occur with Tube in Place.- Late Complications of Tracheal Intubation.- Tracheostomy.- Immediate Complications.- Delayed Complications.- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.- Bony Injuries with Closed-Chest Massage.- Barotrauma.- Pericardial Tamponade.- Organ Injury.- Conclusion.- General References.- Cited References.- 5. Thoracic Complications of Respiratory Intensive Care.- Technical Considerations of Portable Radiography.- Mechanical Ventilation.- Intubation.- Tracheostomy.- Late Complications of Intubation.- Complications of PEEP.- Barotrauma.- Chest Tubes.- Infection.- Oxygen Toxicity.- Cardiovascular Catheters.- Flow-Directed Pulmonary Artery Catheters.- Cardiac Pacemakers.- Intraaortic Counterpulsation Balloon.- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.- Cardiopulmonary Disorders.- Aspiration.- Pneumonia.- Pulmonary Edema.- Respiratory Distress Syndrome.- Pleural Effusions.- Mediastinal Widening.- Pulmonary Embolism.- References.- 6. Barotrauma.- Interstitial Pulmonary Emphysema (IPE).- Air-Leak Phenoma.- Pneumothorax.- Pneumomediastinum.- Pneumopericardium.- Air Embolism.- Extraperitoneal Air Dissection and Pneumoperitoneum.- Hemodynamic Effects.- Changes in Pulmonary Function.- Secondary Infection.- IPE-Induced Changes in Pulmonary Morphology.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 7. Radiographic Features of Thoracic Complications Occurring in Infants in the Intensive Care Nursery.- Endotracheal Intubation.- Ventilator Therapy and Pulmonary Air Leaks.- Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema.- Pneumothorax.- Pneumomediastinum.- Pneumopericardium.- Pneumoperitoneum.- Intravascular Air Embolism.- Thoracostomy Tubes.- Feeding and Suction Catheters.- Vascular Catheters.- Miscellaneous.- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD).- Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA).- Pancuronium Bromide (Pavulon).- Paralysis of the Diaphragm.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 8. Thoracic Radiotherapy Changes.- Lung.- Pathologic Changes.- Factors Influencing the Radiographic Appearance.- Differential Diagnosis.- Clinical Correlation.- Heart.- Pathologic Changes.- Factors Influencing the Radiographic Appearance.- Radiographic Findings.- Differential Diagnosis.- Clinical Correlation.- Esophagus.- Pathologic Changes.- Factors Influencing the Radiographic Appearance.- Radiographic Appearance.- Differential Diagnosis.- Clinical Correlation.- Bony Thorax.- Pathologic Changes.- Factors Influencing the Radiographic Appearance.- Radiographic Findings.- Differential Diagnosis.- References.- 9. Iatrogenic Disorders of the Esophagus.- Anatomy/Relationships.- Clinical Approach.- Endoscopy.- Surgery.- Dilatation.- Tubes.- Drugs.- Miscellaneous Complications.- Summary.- References.- 10. Complications of Angiography in the Thorax.- Incidence of Major Complications.- Cardiac Angiography.- Types of Complications and Predisposing Factors.- Mortality.- Myocardial Infarction.- Vascular Dissection or Perforation.- Coronary Artery.- Arrhythmias.- Other Local Complications.- Renal Function Abnormalities.- Allergy-like Reactions.- Causes of Complications.- Underlying Disease.- Age.- Physician Experience and Training.- Duration of Procedure.- Thrombus Formation and Embolism.- Approach.- Guide Wires and Catheters.- Site of Arterial Puncture.- Contrast Material.- Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty.- Is There an Irreducible Number of Complications?.- Conclusions.- References.- 11. The Radiologic Manifestations of the Complications of Cardiac Pacing.- Normal Roentgenographic Findings.- Pacemaker Complications Related to Pacemaker Malfunction.- Exit Block.- Lead Fracture.- Electrode Malposition and Dislodgement.- Electrode Malposition (Coronary Sinus).- Electrode Dislodgement by the Pulse Generator.- Trauma.- Myocardial Perforation.- Pulse Generator of Battery Failure.- Complications Related to Pacemaker Insertion or Presence Within the Body.- Air Embolism.- Venous Thrombosis.- Pulmonary Embolism.- Infection.- Summary.- References.- 12. The Radiology of Prosthetic Cardiac Valves.- Selection of the Patient for Cardiac Valve Replacement.- Radiologic Examination Following Valve Implantation.- Radiographic Identification of Prosthetic Valves.- Caged-Ball Valves.- Caged-Disc Prosthesis.- Hinged-Disc Valves.- St. Jude Valve.- Heterograft Valves.- Fluoroscopic Evaluation Following Valve Implantation.- Method of Fluoroscopy.- Central Occluding Valves.- Caged Disc Prosthesis.- Tilting-Disc Prosthesis.- Tissue Valves.- Ultrasonic Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves.- M-mode Echocardiography.- Two-Dimensional Real-Time Echocardiography-Heterograft Valves.- Complications of Prosthetic Valves.- Regurgitation.- Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis.- Tissue Encroachment.- Aneurysm.- Summary.- References.