Main description:

This book describes medical applications of photochemistry. In the first part, a general introduction to photochemistry and related phototechnologies is provided. In the second part, photochemistry-based medical applications for diagnostics (biochips and bioimaging) and therapeutics (biomaterials for artificial organs, medical adhesives, dental materials, drug-delivery systems, tissue engineering, and photodynamic therapy) are described, with examples of recent research. The year 2015 is the International Year of Light and Light-Based Technologies. Light plays a vital role in our daily lives and is important in many interdisciplinary scientific fields in the twenty-first century. Light-based concepts have revolutionized medicine, including areas such as oncology, molecular biology, and surgery. Although photochemistry has contributed significantly to medicine directly and through photochemical fabrication of biomaterials, a book giving a comprehensive overview of recent progress has not been published until now. The aim of this book is to highlight the contributions of photochemistry in interdisciplinary fields of chemistry and medical engineering. This book will be useful for chemists who are interested in medical applications of photochemistry and engineers who are eager to learn the principles of photochemistry to enable its use in practical applications.

Contents:

Part I Photochemistry and photo-fabrication

Chapter 1 Photochemistry

1-1 Introduction

1-2 Photochemistry

1-2-1 Energy diagram

1-2-2 Electronic structures

1-2-3 Electronic transition

1-2-4 Absorption and excitation spectra

1-2-5 Photochemical reactions

1-2-5-1 Reactions

1-2-5-2 Sensitizer

1-3 Light source

1-4 Light and medicine

Chapter 2 Photochemical processed materials

2-1 Photochemical processes for polymeric materials

2-1-1 Photo-polymerization

2-1-1-1 Polymerization mechanism

2-1-1-2 Photo-initiators

2-1-1-3 Visible-light initiators

2-1-1-4 Macromolecular photoinitiator

2-1-1-5 Photo-iniferter

2-1-2 Photo-reactive polymers

2-1-2-1 Photo-reactive groups

2-1-2-2 Photo-reactive polymer by polymerization

A Synthetic polymers

B Natural polymers

2-2 Photo-degradation

Chapter 3 Photo-fabrication

3-1 Introduction

3-2 Planar fabrication and 2D structuring

3-2-1 Micro-patterning

3-2-2 Undeformative processing

3-2-3 Additive processing

3.2.3.A Surface modification

"Grafting-to"

"Grafting-from"

Controlled/living grafting

Photo-iniferter graft polymerization

Topological 2D patterning

3.2.3.B Deposition and transfer of biomaterials

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD)

Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)

3.2.4 Substrate processing

Photo-ablation

Surface nano-structuring

3-3 3D structure and volume processing

3.3.1 Stereolithography

3.3.2 Ultrafast laser 3D fabrication

3.3.2.A Principle of 3D fabrication by ultrafast laser

3.3.2.B Undeformative 3D fabrication

3.3.2.C Subtractive 3D fabrication

3.3.2.D Additive 3D fabrication (two-photon polymerization)

Medical and tissue engineering applications

3D printing of proteins

3.3.2.E Hybrid 3D fabrication

3-4 Conculsions

Part II Applications for diagnostics

Chapter 4 Microarray chips (in vitro diagnosis)

4-1 introduction

4-2 Microarrays for gene analysis

4-3 Microarrays for protein analyses

4-4 Other Microarrays

4-5 Automated Systems

Chapter 5 Clinical Diagnostic Imaging

5-1 Introduction

5-2 Targeting

5-2-1 Targeting methodology for clinical image diagnosis

5-2-2 Contrast agent targeting for clinical image diagnosis

5-2-3 Characteristics of photochemical contrast agent systems

5-3 Carriers used for imaging diagnosis

5-3-1 Polymeric materials

5-3-2 Dendrimers

5-3-3 Liposomes

5-3-4 Polymeric micelles

5-3-5 Metal nanoparticles

a Quantum dots

b Silica nanoparticles

c Gold nanoparticles

d Iron oxide nanoparticles

5-4 Applications of optical imaging

5-4-1 Categories of optical imaging agents for medical diagnoses

5-4-2 Recent advanced developments in optical techniques for imaging diagnoses

5-4-3 Near-Infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging

A Non-targeted contrast agents

B Non-targeted activatable agents

C Targeted agents

D Clinical applications

5-4-4 Photoacoustic tomography

5-4-5 Raman spectroscopy (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS)

Part III Applications for therapeutics

Chapter 6 Surface modification for medical devices

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Non-biofouling/biofouling micropatterned surface

6.2.1 Synthetic polymer

6.2.1.1 Amphiphilic polymer

6.2.1.1a Cell spreading and adhesive areas

6.2.1.1b Cell geometry

6.2.1.1c Cell protrusion

6.2.1.1d Cell density and cell-cell interaction

6.2.1.1e Cell orientation

6.2.1.2 Zwitterionic polymer

6.2.1.3 Stimuli-responsive polymer

6.2.2 Natural polymer

6.2.2.1 Protein

6.2.2.2 Polysaccharide

6.3 Biologically active surfaces

6.3.1 Cell adhesion enhancement

6.3.2 Cell growth enhancement

6.3.2.1 Direct immobilization of growth factor

6.3.2.2 Indirect immobilization of growth factor

6.3.3 Other cellular activations

6.3.3.1 Neural extension

6.3.3.2 Differentiation

6.3.3.2a With biosignaling molecules

6.3.3.2b Without biosignaling molecules

6.3.3.3 Stem cell culture

Chapter 7 Dental resin

1. Introduction

2. The structure of tooth

3. The history of dental resin developing

4. The dental adhesive resin

5. Curing system

6. Toxicity of dental resin

7. Research opportunities

Chapter 8 Bioadhesives and Biosealants

1. Introduction

2. UV curable

2.1 Synthetic polymer

2.1a Acrylate-based

2.1b Epoxy-based

2.1c Thiol-ene-based

2.2 Natural polymer

2.2a Protein

2.2b Polysaccharide

i) Hyaluronic acid

ii) Alginate

iii) Chitosan

iv) Dextran

3 Visible light curable

3-1 Synthetic polymer

3.2 Natural polymer

3.2a Protein

3.2b Polysaccharide

3.3c Direct curing with dye

4 Infrared curable

Chapter 9 Drug delivery systems

9-1 Introduction

9-2 Photo-crosslinkable system

9-2-1 Synthetic polymers

9.2.1.1 Non-biodegradable polymers

9.2.1.2 Biodegradable polymers

9.2.2 Natural polymers

9-2-2-1 Protein-base

9-2-2-2 Polysaccharide-base

9-3 Photo-triggered release system

9.3.1 Non-photodegradable matrix

UV/visible system

Photothermal system

9.3.2 Photo-degradable

9.3.2.1 Matrix degradable

Main chain

Crosslinker

Side chain

NIR

9.4 Mutiple-triggered release system

Chapter 10 Photo-crosslinkable Hydrogels for Tissue engineering Applications

1. Introduction

2. Artificial and acellular scaffold

2.1 Gel or prosthesis

2.2 Solid matrix

3. Cell-laden scaffold

Chapter 11 Photodynamic therapy

1. Polymer for photodynamic therapy

2. Targeting tumor through enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR effect)

3. Polymer design for EPR effect

4. Polymer design for active targeting

5. Conclusion