Main description:

The ADME Encyclopedia covers pharmacokinetic phenomena (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion processes) and their relationship with the design of pharmaceutical carriers and the success of drug therapies. It covers both basic and advanced knowledge, serving as introductory material for students of biomedical careers and also as reference, updated material for graduates and professionals working in any field related to pharmaceutical sciences (medicine, pharmaceutical technology, materials science, medicinal chemistry).

Structured as alphabetically ordered entries with cross-references, the Encyclopedia not only provides basic knowledge on ADME processes, but also detailed entries on some advanced subjects such as drug transporters, last generation pharmaceutical carriers, pharmacogenomics, personalized medicine, bioequivalence studies, biowaivers, biopharmaceuticals, gene delivery, pharmacometrics, pharmacokinetic drug interactions or in silico and in vitro assessment of ADME properties

Contents:

Drug dissolution and drug release

Mathematical models of drug dissolution and drug release

Diffusion layer model
Danckwert's model
Interfacial barrier model
First order model
Higuchi model
Korsmeyer-Peppas model
Hixson-Crowell model
Baker-Lonsdale model
Weibull model

In vitro dissolution testing

Modalities of dissolution tests
Biorelevant dissolution media

Drug absorption

Free diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Transcytosis
pH partition theory
pKa determination
Factors impacting drug absorption

Drug distribution

Factors impacting drug distribution
Real volume of distribution
Apparent volume of distribution
Drug binding to plasma proteins

Drug displacement
Non-linear binding to plasma proteins

Drug binding to tissue components
One-compartment pharmacokinetic model
Two-compartment pharmacokinetic model
Central nervous system bioavailability

Blood-brain barrier
log BB
Kpuu

Drug metabolism

Functionalization reactions
Synthetic reactions
Cytochrome P450
Phase III reactions
Factors impacting on drug metabolism

Genetic variants. Polymorphism
Age
Gender
Environmental factors: enzyme induction

Precision medicine
Pharmacogenomic DNA chips
Microsomes

Drug excretion

Biliary excretion

Enterohepatic recycling
Enterohepatic recycling and antibiotics

Renal excretion

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

Clearance

Organ clearance

Routes of administration

Oral route

Migrating motor complex

Enteric coating tablets

Food-drug interactions
Gastric emptying

Gastroretentive drug delivery systems
Multiparticulate drug delivery systems

Gut microbiota
Lipinski rule of five
Permeation enhancers
Intestinal perfusion models

Bucal and sublingual route
Rectal route
Intravenous route

Intravenous bolus
Intravenous infusion
Technological considerations for intravenous administration

Intramuscular administration
Subcutaneous administration
Specialized parenteral routes
Pulmonary administration
Nasal administration
Transdermal administration

Permeation enhancers

Next generation drug delivery systems

Nanocarriers

Surface-to-volume ratio
Surface chemistry
Nanotoxicology
Drug release from nanocarriers
Passive targeting
Smart systems / stimuli-responsive systems
Active targeting
Mononuclear phagocyte system
Absorption and distribution of nanocarriers
Elimination of nanocarriers
PEGylationADME

Viral vectors

Pharmacogenomics

Enzyme polymorphism
Transporter polymorphism
Pharmacogenomics and pediatrics

Bioavailability and bioequivalence

Bioavailability
Systemic bioavailability
Generic drugs
Post-approval changes
Bioequivalence
Absolute bioavailability
Mass balance studies
Bioequivalence studies
Reference and test products
Biopharmaceutical Classification System
Biowaivers
BCS subclasses
Dissolution testing
Pharmacodynamic studies

Biopharmaceutical drug products

Absorption of protein drugs
Distribution of protein drugs
Elimination of protein drugs
ADME properties of insulins
ADME properties of heparins
ADME properties of gene-based biopharmaceuticals

Drug-drug and food-drug interactions

Plasma protein binding DDI
Membrane transport DDI
Metabolism DDI
FDI based on induction of gastrointestinal changes

In vitro and in silico ADME predictions

Polarized cell lines

Caco-2
MDCK

Solubility
Dissolution testing
QSPR/QSAR
Expert rules
Central Nervous System Multiparameter Optimization
Dynamic transit models
Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes
Single-cell expression systems
Membrane vesicles
Molecular dynamics simulations

Drug tansporters

ABC transporters

MDR1
MRPs
BCRP

Solute carriers

Organic anion transporters
Organic cation transporters
Peptide transporters

Non-linear pharmacokinetics

Linear pharmacokinetics
Positive deviations from linear behavior
Negative deviations from linear behavior

Time-dependent pharmacokinetics

Pharmacometrics and physiologic models