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Main description:
The book starts with dissecting mechanisms underlying viral immune evasion via exploiting the host complement system by vaccinia virus, and by modulating the type 1 interferon response by RNA viruses. Yet another chapter looks into how viroporins expressed by different families of viruses causing influenza A virus, SARS, hepatitis C and HIV interact with several cellular pathways. Understanding of these mechanisms can aid the development of novel potential anti-viral targets. The chapter on tuberculosis discusses the emerging importance of the innate immune mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and latency. This book has a strong focus on fungal pathogenesis and immunity, starting with virulence and host factors that attain great importance in candidiasis and associated escape tricks of seriously opportunistic fungi. Two chapters on Aspergillus fumigatus elaborate on the pathogenic mechanisms: first discussing A. fumigatus-airway epithelium interaction, followed by fungal and host factors that are paramount in the development of allergic and invasive aspergillosis. In the subsequent chapter, there is a general discussion on the innate and adaptive immune responses against primary and opportunistic fungal pathogens.
Contents:
1. The Complement System as a Viral Ta rget
for Immune Evasion................................................................................1
Ajitanuj Rattan, Rewati Kasbe, Jayati Mullick and Arvind Sahu
Abstract......................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 1
Role of Complement in Combating Viruses............................................................................... 2
Complement Evasion by Viruses: Diverse Strategies................................................................ 6
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 17
2. Modulation of Type I Interferon Response
by RNA Viruses..........................................................................................28
Suchita Bhattacharyya
Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 28
Introduction................................................................................................................................ 28
RNA Viruses............................................................................................................................... 29
Type I Interferon System............................................................................................................ 31
Modulation of Type I Interferon Response by RNA Viruses.................................................. 31
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 33
3. Viroporins: Differential Functions at Late Stagesof Viral Life Cycles.............................................................................38
Francois Kien, Huailiang Ma, Stefan Diaz Gaisenband and Beatrice Nal
Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 38
Introduction................................................................................................................................ 38
Molecular Organizations and Ion Channel Activities of IAV M2,
SARS-CoV E, HCV p7 and HIV- 1 Vpu Viroporins......................................................... 42
Differential Roles of Viroporins during Virus Morphogenesis and Release.......................... 46
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 53
xviii Contents
4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
Innate Immune Recognition
and Persistence......................................................................................63
Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
Innate Immune Recognition
and Persistence......................................................................................63
Munirah Abdul-Aziz and Anthony G. Tsolaki
Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 63
Introduction................................................................................................................................ 63
Initial Stages of M. tuberculosis Infection................................................................................. 64
Macrophage Involvement and M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69
Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73
M. tuberculosis Infection................................................................................. 64
Macrophage Involvement and M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69
Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73
M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69
Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73
M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73
5. Candida and Candidiasis............................................................................82
Candida and Candidiasis............................................................................82Thomas Hoefken
Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 82
Introduction................................................................................................................................ 82
Medically Important Candida Species...................................................................................... 83
Pathogenicity Mechanisms......................................................................................................... 83
Experimental Systems to Study Candidiasis............................................................................ 84
Adherence................................................................................................................................... 85
Invasion....................................................................................................................................... 86
Secreted Hydrolytic Enzymes.................................................................................................... 87
Polymorphism............................................................................................................................ 88
Candida Species...................................................................................... 83
Pathogenicity Mechanisms......................................................................................................... 83
Experimental Systems to Study Candidiasis............................................................................ 84
Adherence................................................................................................................................... 85
Invasion....................................................................................................................................... 86
Secreted Hydrolytic Enzymes.................................................................................................... 87
Polymorphism............................................................................................................................ 88
Biofilm Formation...................................................................................................................... 92
Interaction with Bacteria........................................................................................................... 95
Phenotypic Switching and Mating............................................................................................. 96
Metabolic Flexibility and Nutrition Acquisition...................................................................... 96
Stress Adaptation....................................................................................................................... 97
Host Responses........................................................................................................................... 98
Antifungal Drugs and Drug Resistance.................................................................................... 99
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 100
...................................................................................................................... 92
Interaction with Bacteria........................................................................................................... 95
Phenotypic Switching and Mating............................................................................................. 96
Metabolic Flexibility and Nutrition Acquisition...................................................................... 96
Stress Adaptation....................................................................................................................... 97
Host Responses........................................................................................................................... 98
Antifungal Drugs and Drug Resistance.................................................................................... 99
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 100
6. Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
of Aspergillosis...................................................................................115
Savneet Kaur, Kavita Kale, Taruna Madan and P. Usha Sarma
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 115
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 115
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA)................................................................................. 116
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)................................................................ 127
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 132
Contents xix
7. Airway Epithelium Interactions
with ASPERGILLUS fumigatus.........................................................138
ASPERGILLUS fumigatus.........................................................138Neelkamal Chaudhary
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 138
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 138
Airway Epithelium Interaction with A. fumigatus................................................................. 139
Toll-Like Receptors................................................................................................................... 140
Non-TLR Receptors.................................................................................................................. 142
Other Antimicrobial Mechanisms........................................................................................... 143
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 144
A. fumigatus................................................................. 139
Toll-Like Receptors................................................................................................................... 140
Non-TLR Receptors.................................................................................................................. 142
Other Antimicrobial Mechanisms........................................................................................... 143
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 144
8. Anti-Fungal Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.............149
Uday Kishore, Suhair M. Abozaid and Mohammed N. Al-Ahdal
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 149
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 150
Innate Immune Mediated Defense against Fungi.................................................................. 151
Adaptive Immunity and Fungal Pathogens............................................................................ 156
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 159
9. Host-pa thogen interaction in Malaria
and Trypa nosomiasis.........................................................................167
Janez Ferluga, Annapurna Nayak, and Uday Kishore
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 167
Introduction: Malaria, Background and Life Cycle of the Parasite.................................... 168
Malaria Immunity and Chronicity Development.................................................................. 170
Complement Involvement........................................................................................................ 174
PfEMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175
Cerebral Malaria...................................................................................................................... 176
Placental Malaria...................................................................................................................... 177
EMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175
EMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175Cerebral Malaria...................................................................................................................... 176
Placental Malaria...................................................................................................................... 177
P. falciparum Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178
A Role of Red Cell Blood Groups in Malaria Virulence Modulaton.................................... 179
Merozoite Erythrocyte Invasion.............................................................................................. 179
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)................................................................................ 180
Parasite Life Cycle.................................................................................................................... 181
HAT Pathogenesis.................................................................................................................... 182
Evasion of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Trypanosome............................................... 184
Potential Involvement of the Complement System................................................................ 185
Genetic HAT and Host Diversity and Disease Phenotypes................................................... 186
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)........................................................................ 187
Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178
Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178A Role of Red Cell Blood Groups in Malaria Virulence Modulaton.................................... 179
Merozoite Erythrocyte Invasion.............................................................................................. 179
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)................................................................................ 180
Parasite Life Cycle.................................................................................................................... 181
HAT Pathogenesis.................................................................................................................... 182
Evasion of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Trypanosome............................................... 184
Potential Involvement of the Complement System................................................................ 185
Genetic HAT and Host Diversity and Disease Phenotypes................................................... 186
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)........................................................................ 187
T. cruzi Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188
Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188
Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188
Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189
Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190
Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190
Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192
Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188
T. cruzi Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188
Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188
Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188
Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189
Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190
Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190
Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192
Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188
Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188
Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188
Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189
Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190
Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190
Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192
xx Contents
10. The Host Pathogen Interaction
and Immunomodulation During Leishmaniasis...............203
Surajit Bhattacharjee and Arijit Bhattacharya
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 203
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 204
Initial Interaction and Phagocytosis....................................................................................... 205
Macrophage Functions Altered by Leishmania...................................................................... 206
Microbicidal Free Radical Production.................................................................................... 207
Impairment of Antigen Presentation....................................................................................... 208
Modulation of Cytokine Production........................................................................................ 209
Chemokine and Chemokine Receptors in Leishmaniasis..................................................... 211
Cytokine-Chemokine Networks in Leishmaniasis................................................................ 213
Leishmania...................................................................... 206
Microbicidal Free Radical Production.................................................................................... 207
Impairment of Antigen Presentation....................................................................................... 208
Modulation of Cytokine Production........................................................................................ 209
Chemokine and Chemokine Receptors in Leishmaniasis..................................................... 211
Cytokine-Chemokine Networks in Leishmaniasis................................................................ 213
Leishmania-Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220
Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223
-Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214
Leishmania-Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220
Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223
-Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214
-Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220
Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223
Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223
11. Immune responses induced by pa rasitic worms....................233
Janez Ferluga, Lubna Kouser and Uday Kishore
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 233
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 234
Helminth Type-2 Immunity and Allergy................................................................................. 235
Hygiene Hypothesis on Allergies Increase.............................................................................. 237
Examples of Type 2 Immunity................................................................................................. 237
Tissue-Parasite Variation in Type 2 Immunity....................................................................... 238
Potential Complement Involvement in Helminth and Autoimmunity................................. 240
Complement Evasion................................................................................................................ 242
Trichinellosis............................................................................................................................. 243
Filariasis.................................................................................................................................... 244
Taeniasis.................................................................................................................................... 245
Schistosomiasis......................................................................................................................... 246
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 247
12. Pathogenic Persistence and Evasion mechanisms
in Schistosomiasis...............................................................................255
Annapurna Nayak and Uday Kishore
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 255
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 256
Life Cycle into Intermediate and Vector Host........................................................................ 257
Skin Penetration by Cercariae: Breaking the First Line of Defense.................................... 259
Modulation of the Host's Immune Response.......................................................................... 260
Granulomas in Acute and Chronic Schistosomiasis.............................................................. 263
Contribution of Various Immune Cells in the Immunopathology....................................... 265
Complement Evasion by Schistosome Paramyosin............................................................... 265
Immune Modulation of the Snail............................................................................................. 267
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 270
Contents xxi
13. TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES-
Passage from Gut to Brain............................................................276
Daniel A. Mitchell
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 276
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 277
The Replication of Infectious Prions....................................................................................... 277
The Importance of the Gut in TSEs........................................................................................ 278
Prion Proliferation in Lymphoid Tissues................................................................................ 279
The Role of Dendritic Cells in Prion Trafficking................................................................... 279
The Role of the Complement System in Prion Disease.......................................................... 280
Prion Passage to the Brain and Neurocytoxicity.................................................................... 281
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 282
................................................................... 279
The Role of the Complement System in Prion Disease.......................................................... 280
Prion Passage to the Brain and Neurocytoxicity.................................................................... 281
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 282
PRODUCT DETAILS
Publisher: Springer (Springer-Verlag New York Inc.)
Publication date: December, 2013
Pages: 314
Weight: 652g
Availability: Available
Subcategories: Immunology, Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, Public Health
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